In the modern era, and especially after the collective trauma of the pandemic, we've all become super attentive to hygiene and cleanliness. We often find ourselves using disinfectant products to clean our homes, without really knowing what they are, how they work, and what risks they carry.

This article aims to clarify things a bit, so you can make more informed choices.

Disinfectants and Biocides: Definitions and Differences

Disinfectants: These are chemical substances used to eliminate or reduce the presence of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) on surfaces. Not all disinfectants kill all types of microorganisms; their effectiveness depends on the type of pathogen and the concentration of the substance.

Biocides: This is a broader term that includes not only disinfectants but also other substances intended to destroy, deter, or render harmful organisms harmless, such as pesticides and algaecides. Biocides act on a wide range of organisms, not just microscopic ones.

How Do Disinfectants and Biocides Work?

The mechanism of action of disinfectants and biocides varies depending on the chemical compound used. Here are some of the main ways these substances work:

• Protein Denaturation: Some disinfectants, like alcohol, act by denaturing the proteins of microorganisms, meaning they cause the proteins to lose their shape, rendering them unable to perform their functions. Proteins are essential for vital cellular functions, so altering them can lead to the microorganism's death.

• Damage to Cell Membranes: Other disinfectants, such as cationic surfactants (e.g., benzalkonium chloride), damage the cell membranes of bacteria, compromising the integrity of the cell and causing the leakage of vital components.

• Interference with Nucleic Acids: Some biocides, like hydrogen peroxide, cause damage to the nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) within microorganisms, preventing them from replicating or performing vital functions.

Dangers and Risks Associated with the Use of Disinfectants and Biocides

Despite their usefulness, the use of disinfectants and biocides comes with significant risks, both to human health and the environment.

• Antimicrobial Resistance: Excessive or improper use of disinfectants can lead to the development of resistant bacterial strains, a phenomenon similar to antibiotic resistance. These bacteria become increasingly difficult to eliminate, making infections more dangerous.

• Toxicity: Many biocides are toxic not only to microorganisms but also to humans and animals. After all, our bodies are made of cells too, which will respond to the disinfectant just like the target organism's cells. For example, sodium hypochlorite (found in bleach) can cause respiratory and skin irritation, while other compounds may have carcinogenic or mutagenic effects.

• Environmental Impact: Biocides can have devastating effects on the environment, especially if not handled properly. They can contaminate water, kill non-target organisms (such as fish or beneficial insects), and accumulate in the food chain.

So, What's the Takeaway?

The takeaway is this: while incredibly useful, disinfectants are not substances to be taken lightly, both for their impact on the environment and your own health. Use them sparingly and only when you truly need them!